Django2.0手册:Managing static files (e.g. images, JavaScript, CSS)

Configuring static files¶

1. Make sure that django.contrib.staticfiles is included in your
   INSTALLED_APPS.

2. In your settings file, define STATIC_URL, for example:

   STATIC_URL = '/static/'
   

3. In your templates, use the static template tag to build the URL for
   the given relative path using the configured STATICFILES_STORAGE.

   {% load static %}
   <img src="{% static "my_app/example.jpg" %}" alt="My image"/>
   

4. Store your static files in a folder called static in your app. For
   example my_app/static/my_app/example.jpg.

Your project will probably also have static assets that aren’t tied to a
particular app. In addition to using a static/ directory inside your apps,
you can define a list of directories (STATICFILES_DIRS) in your
settings file where Django will also look for static files. For example:

STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
    '/var/www/static/',
]

See the documentation for the STATICFILES_FINDERS setting for
details on how staticfiles finds your files.

Serving static files during development¶

If you use django.contrib.staticfiles as explained above,
runserver will do this automatically when DEBUG is set
to True. If you don’t have django.contrib.staticfiles in
INSTALLED_APPS, you can still manually serve static files using the
django.views.static.serve() view.

This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment
strategies, see Deploying static files.

For example, if your STATIC_URL is defined as /static/, you can do
this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py:

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)

Serving files uploaded by a user during development¶

During development, you can serve user-uploaded media files from
MEDIA_ROOT using the django.views.static.serve() view.

This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment
strategies, see Deploying static files.

For example, if your MEDIA_URL is defined as /media/, you can do
this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py:

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

测试中¶

When running tests that use actual HTTP requests instead of the built-in
testing client (i.e. when using the built-in LiveServerTestCase) the static assets need to be served along
the rest of the content so the test environment reproduces the real one as
faithfully as possible, but LiveServerTestCase has only very basic static
file-serving functionality: It doesn’t know about the finders feature of the
staticfiles application and assumes the static content has already been
collected under STATIC_ROOT.

Because of this, staticfiles ships its own
django.contrib.staticfiles.testing.StaticLiveServerTestCase, a subclass
of the built-in one that has the ability to transparently serve all the assets
during execution of these tests in a way very similar to what we get at
development time with DEBUG = True, i.e. without having to collect them
using collectstatic first.

Deployment¶

django.contrib.staticfiles provides a convenience management command
for gathering static files in a single directory so you can serve them easily.

1. Set the STATIC_ROOT setting to the directory from which you’d
   like to serve these files, for example:

   STATIC_ROOT = "/var/www/example.com/static/"
   

2. Run the collectstatic management command:

   $ python manage.py collectstatic
   

   This will copy all files from your static folders into the
   STATIC_ROOT directory.

3. Use a web server of your choice to serve the
   files. Deploying static files covers some common deployment
   strategies for static files.

Learn more¶

This document has covered the basics and some common usage patterns. For
complete details on all the settings, commands, template tags, and other pieces
included in django.contrib.staticfiles, see the staticfiles
reference.